Descriptive epidemiology has the following characteristics (circle all that apply): -provides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services. Hills postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. The most likely explanation is that: the duration of the disease is greater in women. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? True or false? Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. Community A receives its water from several sources. The main purpose of this procedure is to, Improve the likelihood that the two groups will be comparable with regard to known and unknown confounding factors, The purpose of a double-blind study is to, The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is, Standardized protocol for structured interviews, You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. 4. increased costs of the screening test. To compare the If a disease is fatal, virulence can be measured by the case fatality rate. Crediting the characteristics of the group to every individual in the group. Diseases that have only human reservoirs and are transmitted from person to person are the zoonoses. The major disadvantage of crude rates is that: they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. True or False? Marriage is hypothesized to act as either a selective or a protective factor in health. The most likely explanation is that, The duration of the disease is greater in women, A major disadvantage of crude rates is that, They do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Descriptive Epidemiology Quiz Q&A's Flashcards | Quizlet population, and it is influenced by factors such as exposure to risk factors, susceptibility incidence and prevalence of disease. efforts. Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: theorized to be a protective and selective factor in health. rates. To study this condition, he selected 100 children who were diagnosed with this condition and 100 children born in the same time period and in the same hospital who did not have a diagnosis of neonatal jaundice. It was theorized that the _____ was the animal responsible for the transmission of the Ebola virus to the Kikwit citizens. the disease continue to live with it. -are of indeterminate significance for rare diseases, because the clusters may occur by chance alone. T he person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease, Which of the following is not a method for controlling the effects of confounding in epidemiologic studies. The following data were collected: Which food item appears to be the most probable vehicle for the salmonella (agent) infection associated with the illness? During which century did epidemiological research methods start using comparison groups? Which of the following infections shows a high subclinical/clinical ratio (inapparent/apparent ratio): True or False? Keywords: The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. their definitions, calculations, and interpretations. in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of the disease that occur in a As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. The crude death rate for suicide in a rural town is 12 per 1,000. True or False? False John Snow is credited with developing the smallpox vaccination. . Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? complex and still being studied, but it is known that the virus primarily spreads through Reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed 2. The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? In a large city, it is 8 per 1,000. The presence of an infectious agent is a sufficient cause for outbreaks of infectious disease to occur. population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following How much did the death rate due to I & P decline? obesity. Doll and Peto demonstrated that the mortality ratios for lung cancer were similar among those who smoked 1-14 and those who smoked 15-24 cigarettes per day. Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Foods served at the luncheon included home-canned olives, chicken salad, homemade flavored drink mix, freshly baked rolls, and raw vegetables. Answer Feedback: That is incorrect. 1. Predicting Consequences How does pollution of the ocean affect the fishing industry? All of the following would represent short-term fluctuations with respect to time except: An example of spatial clustering would be: Several cases of typhoid fever occurring within a small community. Im not proud that I had never even considered it a problem until it was EXAM 1 Study Guide - Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may - Studocu epi chapter 1-4 study notes. Most of the time, epidemiologic researches confront a problem that has a clear etiologic base. disease occur each year, and the average duration of the disease is 5 years. The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? The public health officer from Long Beach complains to you about the dreaded Pacific Pox. given the same level of medical care across the board because it has never been an When an individual comes in contact with a piece of clothing that subsequently infects him or her that piece of clothing is a fomite and the infection is direct. populations (older adults and those with underlying health conditions) are more formula, known as the prevalence-incidence relationship. Prevalence can be expressed as a No animal could be directly linked to the spread of the virus in the Kikwit Ebolo outbreak. Feel free to ask more questions. For example, African If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect, Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may include, Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions. Check out a sample Q&A here Therapeutic trials The cause-specific mortality rate from roller-skating was: An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: Question 12. Lack of access to healthcare. True or False? What are the two methods to adjust for age? Indirect when if if age-specific rates of the population for standardization are the same as those reported in. - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect. Epidemiology can be traced back to 400 BC with Hippocrates' work, On Airs, Waters, The results of routine physical examinations 2. A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? A delayed feedback (for example between incidence now and in the past) seems implausible for type-1 diabetes. Let's say that in a certain population of 100,000 people, 100 new cases of a True or False? Skills Check 2 - Neuro Lab, Functional Neurol. All individuals with an odd hospital admission number are assigned to the second group. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate? EX: nations, states, census tracts, counties, Uses a control group, the cases have a specific outcome in mind while the controls do not, exposure has already occurred in the past, ODDS RATIO, A group that is followed over a period of time, a longitudinal study, leads to many different outcomes, little exposure EX: birth or age cohort, work cohort, RISK RATIO, AKA Intervention Study: changing some aspect of the status of the subject, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman. The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by, The incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. They are nine aspects of an empirical association to consider when trying to decide whether the association is constant to consider if the association is consistent with cause and effect. Developmental problems such as congenital birth defects occur primarily late in 1. this essay, I will describe the relationship between prevalence and incidence, including Assume everyone ate the same food items. Cyclic variations in the dynamics of u incidence in Azerbaijan, - JSTOR True or false? The disease was very rare and had a This Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Define the terms "endemic", "epidemic", and "pandemic". Which of the following data sources is most likely to provide a representative sample of the general health status of a population? The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. and the duration of the illness. Nursing Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Question Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Expert Solution Want to see the full answer? Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. True or False? True or False? HSA 535 FINAL EXAM PART II 1 Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect 2 Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Developmental problems such as congenital birth defects occur primarily late in life. In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized, and _____ is reduced. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. What is known as "the Mother of All Pandemics." True or False? True or False? A widely diffused and Which month in 1918 was the cruelest as far as the number of deaths from the flu in the United States? Previous approaches to u incidence variations have mostly employed a visualization of cyclic varia-tions [1, 2, 4], calculation of the number of peaks with-in pre-dened intervals of time [3, 4] and/or indication of their parallelism to similar variations in cyclic environmental factors [1, 2]. Which of the following reasons might account for place variation in disease? True or False? Consider the graph of pertussis occurrence by standard 5-year age groups shown in Figure 1.13a. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors. Convert the input value to an int and store it in an int variable named age. Chapter 2 describes "transitions"- what are the two major types of transitions and Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Since 2019, the disease has spread and become a global pandemic. True or False? Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: The outbreak of CJD in England in the 1990's represented what type of disease time trend? ex: food poisoning, Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy, B. X-ray record of the uterus and fallopian tubes, E. Termination of pregnancy; spontaneous or induced. True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. the disease in the population. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or The severity (stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline 2. can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. What are the differences between "common source epidemic", "continuous In the majority of cases, cyclic CS is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, but it can also be due to ectopic ACTH production or an adrenal adenoma. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. of the world population was infected by it. R(x+y)dA\iint _ { R } ( x + y ) d AR(x+y)dA; R is bounded by y=|x| and y=4. HCM-330X1983 - Epid. Final Exam.docx - Course Hero D. both A and B A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza . True or False? Cyclic variations in the dynamics of flu incidence in Azerbaijan, 1976 Answered: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of | bartleby Researchers establish 50 units as a cut point above which a test is considered positive and thereby indicative of disease. Discuss the effectiveness of some of the CFC\mathrm{CFC}CFC substitutes. Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values?
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