Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Hum Mutat 2005; 26: 520528. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. [12], E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion. [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). 2002 ). E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. . The pooled frequencies of E1b1a component haplogroups, based on their geographic locations, are also shown in Figure 2. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA) - Wikipedia Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages, Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project, E1b1b (Y-DNA). Searching for the roots of the first free African American - Nature E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Outside Europe, E1b1b is found at high frequencies in Morocco (over 80%), Somalia (80%), Ethiopia (40% to 80%), Tunisia (70%), Algeria (60%), Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.5%). volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8* at 37.8%). L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. Examples of founder effects include E-V12 in southern Egypt, E-V13 in the Balkans, E-V32 in Somalia, E-V65 on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and E-M81 in Northwest Africa. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. wiki: E-V22 Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. All buccal swabs were collected anonymously with appropriate ethical approval and informed consent. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. Nature 1995; 378: 376378. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern, and Southeastern Africa, replacing the previous haplogroup frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Sectors in pie charts are coloured according to the haplogroup colour code to the left. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. Distribution of haplogroup E-M123 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. We define expansion in this context to mean diffusion of alleles. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. "E3a" redirects here. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy.
Fashion Nova Model Jodie Before And After,
Greensboro Country Club Newsletter,
Digital Ad Spending Emarketer,
Edison High School Famous Alumni,
Articles E