For example, despite earning equal salaries, two persons may have differences in power, property, and prestige. This implies that if they do not move up the ladder, they lack the necessary merit. Which of the following is a myth about people with disabilities? The solution, according to Firestone, is 'an artificial womb', so that women are no longer restricted by the biological processes of childbirth. Examples of the symbolic interactionist framework are also seen in the many literary works and films that portray the difficulties that the rich and poor have in interacting on the relatively few occasions when they do interact. Roberts has to buy a new wardrobe and learn how to dine and behave in these social settings, and much of the films humor and poignancy come from her awkwardness in learning the lifestyle of the rich. Feelings of inferiority that racism and prejudice cause minority groups. Why? Conflict theorists hold that competition and inequality are not inevitable but are created and maintained by people trying to gain access to scarce resources. Unlike the functionalist and conflict views, it does not try to explain why we have stratification in the first place. Table 2.2 Theory Snapshot summarizes these three approaches. Some principles of stratification. Chapter 25: Counseling Individuals Living in Poverty Test Questions Question 1 Question Type: Multiple Choice Question: According to social-class stratification theory, poverty is understood a. to be at the bottom-most rung in a hierarchical system of sociocultural power relations that goes beyond differences of income b. to be stratified and Do people take on a position as CEO or other high-paying job at least partly because of the challenge, working conditions, and other positive aspects they offer? New York, NY: Macmillan. While differentiation considers the difference in status between social groups, stratification looks at these same differences inrelativeterms, positioning them into a hierarchical system where some groups are higher or lower than others. If you decide to shine shoes, you can begin making this money at age 16, but if you decide to become a brain surgeon, you will not start making this same amount until about age 35, as you must first go to college and medical school and then acquire several more years of medical training. Which of the following may be problematic for traditionally oriented Arab Americans? Racist statements that cause minimal harm because they are micro in nature as opposed to macro. 2. Give an example of early gendered socialisation. As this example suggests, many people might not choose to become brain surgeons unless considerable financial and other rewards awaited them. Mirza (1992) studied the experiences of Black female students in school. Even if we do have to promise higher incomes to get enough people to become physicians, does that mean we also need the amount of poverty we have? According to conflict theory, stratification results from lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color. The culture of poverty. Recall from Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective that functionalist theory assumes that the various structures and processes in society exist because they serve important functions for societys stability and continuity. Qualified people who fill those positions are rewarded more than others. Marxists see stratification as privileging the bourgeoisie and oppressing the proletariat. 2. The link between higher education and employment is central to the understanding of social stratification and social mobility. Three-component theory of stratification - Wikipedia Social stratification and inequality. 22.1 What Have You Learned From This Book? Stratification is a process whereby different groups are ranked differently in a given society. of stratification since it is thought to make the most difference to an individual's life chances. Because poverty serves all these functions and more, according to this argument, the middle and upper classes have a vested interested in neglecting poverty to help ensure its continued existence. Underlying anger that oppressed groups feel but do not allow to surface. The social inequality that's caused by the unequal, Why is stratification by social class considered the, Stratification by social class is considered the. For example, which is more important, doing brain surgery or mining coal? According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2014, as cited in Sue & Sue, 2016), there are approximately _____ Latina/o Americans in the United States. Writing in this tradition, a newspaper columnist who grew up in poverty recently recalled, I know the feel of thick calluses on the bottom of shoeless feet. Neo-Marxists argue that there's a third class, called the 'petit-bourgeoisie', which includes those who don't own the means of production but are more highly ranked than waged workers. Sociological Differentiation & Stratification - A-Level Sociology Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. Stratification is an ongoing Oakley (1972) says that gender stratification is caused by socialisation processes. Parsons (1959) gives the example of role allocation in the traditional nuclear family, wherein he argues that: Davis & Moore (1945) pioneered one of the most influential (but controversial) structural-functionalist perspectives on social stratification. 8.2 Explaining Stratification - Sociology - University of Minnesota Why? While it's clear that there are numerous differences within and between different social groups, what differentiation highlights is that the meaning of those differences is important to understand. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Worlds apart: Why poverty persists in rural America. First, it is difficult to compare the importance of many types of jobs. Social stratification, also simply known as stratification, is a process that's deeply ingrained in most societies. The second type of explanation follows from conflict theory and is a structural explanation that focuses on problems in American society that produce poverty. How many social stratification theories are there? With this backdrop in mind, what do the individualistic and structural explanations of poverty say? The Sociology of Social Inequality - ThoughtCo Those who attribute poverty to problems in the larger society are much more likely than those who attribute it to deficiencies among the poor to believe that the government should do more to help the poor (Bradley & Cole, 2002). StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. They argue that all functions and institutions are characterised by. These and other similarities in values and beliefs lead critics of the individualistic explanation to conclude that poor peoples poverty cannot reasonably be said to result from a culture of poverty. If physicians and shoe shiners made the same high income, would enough people decide to become physicians? Public Domain Images CC0 public domain. Let's explore social stratification theories to see how sociologists view them. Table 2.3 Explanations of Poverty summarizes these explanations. 2.3 Explaining Poverty - Social Problems - University of Minnesota New York, NY: New American Library. Over 90% of African Americans in this age group had completed high school or were still enrolled in school. involves ranking different social groups. Feminism takes on several forms within and outside of sociology. While some teachers were overtly racist, even those who were genuinely helpful in trying to identify the needs of the students were unable to do so. Sociologists trying to answer these questions have developed two very different macro explanations of stratification, while symbolic interactionists have examined the differences that stratification produces for everyday interaction. For example, in the film Pretty Woman, Richard Gere plays a rich businessman who hires a prostitute, played by Julia Roberts, to accompany him to swank parties and other affairs. It ignores the fact that the American Dream is rapidly becoming unattainable for an increasing number of Americans, whether employed or not (Block, et. Sociology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. If poverty is both cultural and structural in origin, these scholars say, efforts to improve the lives of people in the other America must involve increased structural opportunities for the poor and changes in some of their values and practices. (Original work published 1899). Table 8.1 Theory Snapshot summarizes these three approaches. COUN 5100 Chap 25 Test Questions.docx - Chapter 25: She claimed that women are inherently disadvantaged because they have to give birth and raise their children - this weakens women and makes them dependent on men. First, we'll start by defining the terms 'social class', 'inequality' and 'social class inequality'. By looking at social stratification theories, we can see how these aspects may impact us! Lewis, O. The general understanding of differentiation is that different statuses come with different levels ofpowerin society. Goszkowski, R. (2008). The structural-functionalist approach to stratification asks the question: what function or purpose does stratification serve? Even if we do have to promise higher incomes to get enough people to become physicians, does that mean we also need the amount of poverty we have? Belief in the American Dream evidently helps lead to a blaming-the-victim ideology that blames the poor for their own fate. It proposes the existence of a hierarchy where some groups are privileged, and others are oppressed. Black girls were more frequently subjected to negative labels than White girls or Black boys. They are ranked according to their importance in the eyes of men in a particular social system. The everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations and insults directed toward a group. There is a lot of evidence for the existence of gender-based inequalities. New York Times, p. A19. Yet this assumption ignores the realities of our failing urban schools, increasing employment insecurities, and the lack of affordable housing, health care, and child care. Many different explanations grounded in conflict theory exist, but they all assume that stratification stems from a fundamental conflict between the needs and interests of the powerful, or haves, in society and those of the weak, or have-nots (Kerbo, 2009). We review what these perspectives say generally about social stratification (rankings of people based on wealth and other resources a society values) before turning to explanations focusing specifically on poverty. Members of the upper class not only have power and control over their own lives, but their social status gives them power and control over others' lives. College Student Journal, 43, 136144. In sociology, the understanding of social classes is based on the perception of stratification and mobility. 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. Marxism is critical of social hierarchies because they privilege certain groups and subordinate others. Tell them who I am: The lives of homeless women. According to conflict theory, stratification results from lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and people of color. Causes Of Stratification Of African Americans - 229 Words | 123 Help Me Weber saw class as more of a continuum related to economic positions, which results in different life chances. What is the difference between stratification and differentiation? Causal attributions and the significance of self-efficacy in predicting solutions to poverty. According to the functionalist view, stratification is a necessary and inevitable consequence of the need to use the promise of financial reward to induce talented people to pursue important jobs and careers. 2 - Postmodernists believe that consumption is an important part of identity construction. The compassion gap in American poverty policy. First, the critique asserts that it is difficult to determine the functional importance of any job, as a system of interdependence makes every position necessary to the functioning of society. What are the five main theories of social stratification? According to Marxists, people are differently stratified based on their relationship to the means of production - either as an owner, or a labourer. For this reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable. quiz social Flashcards | Quizlet It is neither necessary nor inevitable. For example, many wealthy families pay low wages to nannies to care for their children, gardeners to tend to their yards, and maids to clean their homes. These scholars concede a culture of poverty does exist, but they also say it exists because it helps the poor cope daily with the structural effects of being poor. PDF Sociological Theories of Poverty in Urban America
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