Each respondent rated several vignettes; therefore, the data have a multi-level structure. (2019, April 10). Having men and women share equal footing on these boards will mitigate the concepts of superiority and inferiority., The effects of the pay gap are overwhelmingly negative. Before a person can define their standpoint on a topic, he or she must first consider if the issues exist., Women have long been oppressed in society, and this oppression has translated into segregation in the workforce for a long time. doi: 10.1515/zfsoz-2009-0501, Shepelak, N. J., and Alwin, D. F. (1986). Usually, the official statistics reporting the unadjusted gender pay gap use the arithmetic mean or the median of hourly or monthly wages of men and women. Gender Pay Gap 629, 31 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2399404, Sauer, C., and Valet, P. (2013). As in the previous model, the effect of the gender dimension is negative, indicating rating behavior preferring male recipients. This is a mandatory requirement to investigate gender bias introduced by the respondents. J. Sociol. Both studies used the same vignettes. Rev. Third Wave and Queer Feminist Movements. Sociol. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. On the other hand, the rating task differed between population sample 1 and population sample 2; thus, their similar evaluation patterns indicate reliable results and a robust design. Liebig, S., and Sauer, C. (2016). The experienced structural inequalities between men and women affect justice attitudes toward gender. Methods for empirical justice analysis: part 1. Evaluators perceive justice if this condition is met, and they perceive injustice (either over-reward or under-reward) if this condition is not met because expectations are violated. Soc. According to the mixed results of prior studies, university students who experience more gender equality will more likely activate a referential structure that does not produce gender bias, while members of the general population are more likely to experience gender inequalities over their life courses and reproduce them in their evaluations. doi: 10.1177/0730888417753048, Whitmeyer, J. M. (2004). Just. Available online at: https://www.wsi.de/data/wsi-gdp-entgelt-2019-06-11-01.pdf, Hole, A. R. (2007). College Station, TX: Stata Press. Therefore, this context variable is useful to compare how the gender of the recipient influences justice evaluations of observers living in different federal states. The factorial survey method and application for studying attitudes and behavior. The gap stems from prejudice against women workers, resulting in women receiving less pay than men do for the same work. While gender inequality is manifested in the German labor market, the situation is somewhat different for university students, especially social sciences students. Analysis Of Gender Wage Gap From Sociological Perspective Gender And Conflict Theory And The Gender Pay Gap | 123 Help The social issue of the inequality of the pay signifies how women are treated with bias in their workplaces. To test this underlying assumption, longitudinal data would be useful to separate changes in justice attitudes with respect to gender from differences between observers. Am. Their interviews were not used because they did not fulfill the requirements. 1. Frank, T., and Grimm, C. (2010). 46, 227241. This indicates that respondents reward seniority and potential work experience. 189, 46. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1413792, Sauer, C., Auspurg, K., Hinz, T., Liebig, S., and Schupp, J. Res. 11.3B: The Conflict Perspective - Social Sci LibreTexts Finally, the effect of gross earnings is positive: the more a vignette person earns, the more often respondents rated this person as over-rewarded, holding other dimensions equal. Gender pay gap Hypothesis 1. While it seems as though there may never come a day in which all people receive equal treatment by everyone they encounter, at the very least they should receive equality by their governing bodies and from their employers. Although conflict theory eventually evolves into the contemporary conflict theory, this theory truly explains the issue with our society. The other coefficients and their interpretation are reported briefly as follows: the effect of a vignette person's age is negative and highly significant, meaning that older vignette persons were evaluated more often as under-rewarded than younger vignette subjects. Thus, male and female students did not account for gender similarly in their justice evaluations as it would be the case when it was a status characteristic for both groups. This research has limitations. The results in Table 7 provide information on the overall difference between respondents in the student sample and the population samples. In federal states located in West Germany (Schleswig-Holstein to Saarland) the gap varied between 18 percent and 28 percent, while in East Germany, the gap varied between 1 and 18% (Berlin included). The effects of vocational and university degrees are also significantly negative. As a result, this causes males Ivy League students to feel even more pressure to conform and apply to Wall Street. Therefore, research on this transformation process using survey experiments would be especially useful. The main effect of the vignette dimension of gender is insignificant, indicating that there was no gender bias in the evaluations if the actual gender pay gap was zero. In population sample 2, a constant number of dimensions (10) and vignettes (24) was presented. The effects are very similar to those described above; again, the interaction effects in Model 5 and Model 6 are negative. The largest gap was measured in Baden-Wrttemberg at 28%. doi: 10.2307/2095239, Jasso, G. (1981). Stata J. Evidenz aus einem Vignetten-Experiment, in Erwerbsarbeit, Einkommen und Geschlecht, ed B. Jann (Wiesbaden: VS), 107126. To link the justice evaluation process to the structural context, a closer examination of the referential structure of comparisons in justice judgments is in order. University of Maryland, University College, Sociological Research on Gender Pay Gap.docx, Social Problems Of Poverty and Inequality.edited.docx, Assignment 2 - Sociological Imagination and the Future of Work/Education. Table 3. The main differences are that respondents in general samples are on average older and less well educated. If there is going to be any real change in society for gender wage, men needs to fight for the women as well and they need to fight for them. Correlations of vignette dimensions for the population sample 2. In other words, the fact that gender is socially constructed does not undo the fact that there are strata of oppression between genders. Berger, J., Fisek, H. M., Norman, R. Z., and Zelditch, M. J. WebIntro ( 0:55) To talk about why we have gender in the first place we need to go back to the three theories that sociology is built on: Structural-Functional Theory, Symbolic Interaction Theory, and Social Conflict Theory. How impartial are the observers of justice theory? 83, 13981419. With Mary Wilson and Rikki Novetsky. doi: 10.1086/226706, Jasso, G. (1980). In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. One could argue that the actual gender pay gaps are especially salient for respondents who are actively participating in the labor market. Conflict theory suggests that men, as the dominant gender, subordinate women in order to maintain power and privilege in society. Equation (5) includes in addition to the gender of the vignette person (genderv) and the other dimensions, the gender of the respondent (genderr) and a cross-level interaction term. According to conflict theory, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups. Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. Rev. WebThe unadjusted gender pay gap is defined as the difference of the average gross earnings of men and women divided by the average gross earnings of men. Conflict between the two groups caused things like the Womens Suffrage Movement and was responsible for social change. WebPresented in the context of this study are several conceptual and theoretical frameworks, as well as examples of empirical literature, which inform, focus, and offer perspective of the study. Distributive justice, in Handbook of Social Justice Theory and Research, eds C. Sabbagh and M. Schmitt (New York, NY: Springer), 201218. As a limitation, gender equality may not apply to students in other subjects, as there could be differences that correlate with gender. Res. WebA recent review of research on the gender wage gap notes that womens labor force participation rates in the U.S. have grown more slowly than those in northwestern European countries in recent years, probably as a result of differences in doi: 10.1007/s11211-015-0256-4, Liebig, S., Sauer, C., and Schupp, J. Econ. Until relatively recently, women in Western cultures could not vote or hold property, making them entirely dependent on men. Under the assumption of biased referential structures, it can be predicted under which structural conditions gender is likely to be a status characteristic and thereby a relevant factor in the justice evaluation process formulated in Equation (3). Soc. Webtrends in the US gender wage gap and on their sources (in a descriptive sense). The sampling technique ensured that the correlation of the gender characteristic and the other characteristics, e.g., occupation or gross earnings, was very low; therefore, no gender pay gap existed in the vignette samples. Previous studies in sociological justice research have found mixed results on the gender bias in justice evaluations of earnings. Ducharme, J. This study focuses on the relevance and weight of gender in justice evaluations; thus, predictions about reward-relevant characteristics are required2. Moreover, three out of 81 interviewers had a tenure of one year or less and did not appear on one of the two training days. These vignette-based justice evaluations can be used to measure the independent impacts of the recipient's gender and other characteristics on the justice evaluations of observers. It has also been found that career-people of the STEM field with young children face more "work-family" conflict, as the demands of the rigorous STEM field and those of their young children overlap. In the student sample and population sample 1, respondents were asked to evaluate each vignette via an 11-point rating scale. Lang, V., and Gro, M. (2020). Nevertheless, many high-positioned, wealthy and powerful men can and are willing to help women in coping and improving this situation. What do you see as some of the pros and cons of placing a child with ADHD on medication? A drastic paradigm shift is necessary in order to change these social norms, and this is exactly what the Teachers Pension Plan is aiming for.
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